Dear [Mentat],
Now, on to your comments about how Ellis would advise the handicapped, lovelorn man: Well, here’s where I see the limits of REBT [Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy]. You say that he’d suggest that making one’s happiness contingent on whether or not he finds a mate is foolish. Yes, he probably would. But the question is: Do we have the power to change what truly makes us happy? Can we alter our base level needs and desires? He presupposes that we can via cognitive therapy. But I think he’s overly optimistic on this point. True, we can heighten happiness levels by choosing the right activities. We might decide to pursue gardening, and then reap happiness when others admire our healthy tomatoes. Or, if we can’t grow tomatoes, we can build bird houses, write books, or stand on our heads for five days straight. We keep trying until we find something that works, something that yields the recognition and prestige we desire. Indeed, because of our freedom of choice here, we have some control over what to pursue to gain fulfillment.
Now to put this in terms of Maslow’s Triangle, within the various levels of need, there is much flexibility about specifically how to fill the need (tomatoes Vs. bird houses, piano playing Vs. video games). This is particularly true in levels four and five. For level four, the Ego level, there are many ways to get approval, achieve status, and build self-esteem. In this vein, it’d be self-destructive to insist that the only way to fill Ego requirements would be to work in corporate America. Indeed, you could gratify yourself at level four by starting your own business or working for one other person. Yes, folly results if within the various levels, you get too picky about how you’re going to meet the demands of that level.
As we go higher in the triangle, the more ways there are to fulfill that level’s requirements. The levels at the top such as Ego and Self Actualization (and Transcendence in the newer versions of the triangle), Maslow and others call the growth type needs, as opposed to the deficiency needs found at levels one, two, and three. Ellis’s claim is most valid for those needs above level three, the growth needs. So long as we’re meeting the needs of all the levels in some way, we can indeed be happy through largely our own designs.
However, at levels one, two, and three, needs are more precise and have less latitude. For instance, at level one, we must have food, exercise, air, water, and bodily comfort to enable us to seek to fulfill level two needs in earnest, without dying. These are non negotiable. You can’t substitute anything else for food. In order to survive and fulfill level one, there are no other ways but to have food, air, water, … You get the idea. At this level, we don’t choose the needs and thus, cannot change them. REBT has little use at this level.
Level two, the security level, has identically limited and precise means of gratification. We must avoid harm by living in safe neighborhoods – evading dangerous people, animals, and circumstances. We must feel safe in order to pursue level three and higher requirements with undistracted zeal. REBT cannot absolve us from meeting level one and level two necessities if we want to achieve consistent and lasting fulfillment at the higher levels.
Now, level three is the interesting one because here lies our love and belonging needs. Admittedly, this level starts to look a bit like a growth level as opposed to a deficiency one. Yet Maslow still classified this as a deficiency need, with good reason. While one does not need love and belonging to minimally sustain bodily functions, just as a person in a coma on a feeding tube does not, nonetheless metabolic processes beat stronger and last longer when one has these things. As noted in previous letters, the loved man is by far happier and better equipped to achieve greatness in level four and five than the lovelorn. Again, this is non negotiable. That is if we hope to realize that state of perpetual love of life and selflessness found at the Self Actualization level, we can’t leave this level [level 3] [unfulfilled]. Indeed, selflessness is a product of genuine and complete fulfillment at all the lower levels, and it’s impossible to achieve while one still needs. Just try building a career without anyone but yourself to benefit from your success. And you’ll probably feel that cold draft just as I did; that sad, whisking air blowing through that unfilled hole in level three.
Without the bricks of true love at level three to completely fill in the arrangement, the supporting structure in Maslow’s pyramid beneath Ego and Self Actualization becomes rickety. It totters and shakes, and is easily devastated by competitors and other hardships – demanding bosses, mastery of difficult concepts, too few hours in the day, depression, lacking sense of urgency at the growth levels, and so on. It’s hard to be confident in level four and five pursuits, without the love at level three.
You understand that how well we perform a task is proportionate to how effectively we concentrate on it. However, maintaining high concentration, while not impossible, is tenuous when lonely, just like it is when hungry, thirsty, tired, or in fear for one’s life. Yes, we can enjoy some success up here, while still having work to do below. Indeed, I had many glowing performance reports at [work], even though my level three needs were almost never met in my entire fifteen years there. I kept a house going for five years, got involved with church groups, ham radio organizations, and countless other hobbies. Each was fun to some degree and carried moments of extreme joy. But in the end, none of it really mattered, because every night, that cold draft still found me. Interestingly though, I got my biggest raises ever (totaling 20%) in 2000. I passed two Microsoft certifications as well. Ironic because also in 2000, I had the most female companionship ([Lynn] from Maine for eight months, and [Kar] from Philly on and off during the other four). Increased Ego successes do seem to follow the Social ones.
Let me ask you a strictly non rhetorical question. Do you believe you’ve achieved your maximal potential at levels four and five? I don’t know whether you have or not, and have no opinion either way. If you have, that’s great. But if not, then why not? You’ve certainly been at it long enough, and experienced more than your share of stops, starts, and restarts in your career. You’ve suffered from extreme depression, and weathered numerous consequences of that. You might consider that perhaps missing love in your life is to blame, that perhaps the same cold wind is holding you back that, to a lesser degree, oppressed me in my suburban home.
Call to mind our “good buddy” (and more often, nemesis) Rich Parker. Do you think that without [his wife] to support and fulfill him that he’d have achieved the success he has? I don’t. Not by any stretch. True, they used to fight a lot, and from the outside, his life today may seem boring and lacking in level five pursuits. It’s not a life I’d want.
Yet he has by many traditional measures, accomplished more than either of us and most others at WPSBC. He’s held a job longer, made more money, got better grades in college, went further in college, and has been a consistently good provider for his family. His children seem well-adjusted, and his house, though modest, really feels like a loving home. And he did all that, in spite of his blindness! He surprised his doctors by enduring much longer in his battle with cancer than they expected. And though he lacks the people skills to channel this without judging (and thus irritating) others, he nevertheless commands an unwavering resolve and uncompromising conviction about how he thinks life should be lived.
Yes, he often judges others too harshly who don’t run their lives as he thinks they should, and this makes him insensitive and sorely lacking in the skill of empathy. It also makes it impossible for people like me to befriend him. But he follows his standards too. Indeed, he seems to practice to the letter, what he preaches. Though his judgmental tendencies can be exceedingly frustrating, I admire his devotion to values as well. My impression is that he doesn’t grapple with questions the way we do. He’s decisive and therefore doesn’t take long to make up his mind. And once he does, he does not change it. Ronald Reagan was much like this, though Reagan was better at working with people. Interestingly, both Reagan and Parker had loving women to help them find and maintain this resolve. They don’t show their uncertainties to the world much, because, among other reasons, they have loving partners to explore and eliminate them with.
You will agree, I trust, that it’s easier to be sure of yourself in any level pursuit when someone significant concurs with and supports you. Indeed, the success of psychotherapy largely depends on this sort of “love” relationship between patient and therapist. I put it to you that having a genuinely loving partner has most of the same advantages as retaining a therapist, as well as others a therapist could never provide. The loving partner listens, supports, questions, offers insight, encourages, and so on, just like a therapist. But unlike an analyst, the lover is available for many more than just the single hour per week, and on a per-hour basis, is a whole lot cheaper! We can have sex with our lovers and enter into other joint projects besides self-edification. An abundance of love at level three makes it worthwhile to reach vigorously for levels four and five.
Also, consider that most ex patients experience some sort of relapse after finishing therapy. I believe you’ve known relapse yourself. Does this not illustrate the chronic need for acceptance (level three)? I suspect that Parker never needed therapy, largely because he had [his wife]. True, a lover might not be able to view us as objectively and in the detached ways of therapists, nor love us as unconditionally. But this is also what makes a lover shine, for they do have an emotional stake in our happiness, unlike the therapist, who stands to benefit financially by having us stay sad. In the long run, lovers get to know us better than any therapist, and can provide the same potent support every day, without end.
Now you could argue that one could satisfy his level three needs in other ways besides seeking lovers. He could simply find a good therapist. In fact, nowadays, you can even hire sexual surrogates (by this, I don’t mean prostitutes, but rather, a form of sex therapist) to satisfy the libido as well as the more mental sides of the love lust. But I personally would rather have the [real] lover.
Now It’s tempting to think, in the absence of love, that we can use the pursuits of self actualization and ego to replace love. But that does not work. Experience shows that we can’t effectively quench love lust by indulging a level five passion, like creative writing or participating in peer groups that have nothing to do with love. This is like putting water in a car’s gas tank. The gage might say full afterwards. But that full reading doesn’t mean we can drive hundreds of miles. In fact, it means quite the opposite. We can’t use secure living quarters to meet the need for food, lest we die. We can’t use love at level three to mitigate the need for level two security, lest we be killed. Likewise, we can’t use ego pursuits to eliminate love needs, lest we be chronically lonely and die young, and so on up the pyramid. No pursuit, at any level, effectively satisfies the needs at any other level.
I agree that remaining mate-less need not necessarily lead to unhappiness. I only mean to say that it does imply less happiness at levels four and five, and that people will prioritize low, levels four and five until level three is met. By definition, the lower the level of the need, in question the higher its priority. In the Maslowian model, one could say that the higher level needs are meaningless (or at least, not as meaningful as they could be) until the lower ones are filled. People are highly depressed these days, wondering why they can’t find happiness at jobs and community activities. A look under the covers reveals that most of them aren’t happy in their love relationships. So with all the above said, it follows that this is probably because they’re neglecting the lower level needs. They’re working too hard at Self Actualization and Ego, and not enough at Social.
While it may not be “rational” to make one’s happiness contingent on finding a mate, I believe this observation to be academic. Why? Because we don’t decide whether or not to have this need, just as we cannot alter our need for food or security. Indeed, the human [brain] has entire regions in it (the hypothalamus and thymus) that seem to be devoted to the desires and actions of mating. The love need is part of our nature and without radical restructuring of our evolutionary design both physical and mental, we can’t realistically hope to change it. We simply can’t just “leave it behind,” anymore than we could eliminate our beating heart. I believe it best therefore, to embrace this need and seek to fulfill it, [rather] than to deny it and play substitution games with different-level pursuits. To seek to eliminate this passion is a goal loftier than us trying to do better than handicapped women.
Yes, my happiness is on the line, but as I see it, there’s no way to avoid that. As discussed extensively before, I tried seeking pleasures in levels four and five in the hopes that this would overcome the thirsts at level three. But I failed miserably.
Tom Hesley
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